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          <h2 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">《住宅精细化设计》学习笔记</h2>
        

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        <p>清华大学的学堂在线推出了一门名为《住宅精细化设计》的课程。对于不了解建筑行业的人来说，这门课浅显易懂。对于以后对住宅的选择和装修，也具有参考意义。</p>
<a id="more"></a>

<h1 id="导论"><a href="#导论" class="headerlink" title="导论"></a>导论</h1><h2 id="绪论"><a href="#绪论" class="headerlink" title="绪论"></a>绪论</h2><p>这门课程讲的是家庭住宅，内容包括户型和装修，学习这门课程能够对住宅的好坏有相应的评判标准。</p>
<h1 id="我国住宅发展历程和户型演变"><a href="#我国住宅发展历程和户型演变" class="headerlink" title="我国住宅发展历程和户型演变"></a>我国住宅发展历程和户型演变</h1><h2 id="住宅发展历程概述"><a href="#住宅发展历程概述" class="headerlink" title="住宅发展历程概述"></a>住宅发展历程概述</h2><p>户型变化与国家政策，经济条件，土地价格和居住需求都有影响。</p>
<h2 id="建国以来的建筑变化"><a href="#建国以来的建筑变化" class="headerlink" title="建国以来的建筑变化"></a>建国以来的建筑变化</h2><ul>
<li>建筑越来越高<br><img src="/images/pasted-80.png" alt="upload successful"></li>
<li>容积率越来越大<br><img src="/images/pasted-81.png" alt="upload successful"></li>
<li>配套设施越来越好<br><img src="/images/pasted-82.png" alt="upload successful"></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</h2><p><img src="/images/pasted-83.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<h2 id="住宅发展不同时期"><a href="#住宅发展不同时期" class="headerlink" title="住宅发展不同时期"></a>住宅发展不同时期</h2><h3 id="住房急缺时期"><a href="#住房急缺时期" class="headerlink" title="住房急缺时期"></a>住房急缺时期</h3><p>1949-1978,建国初期，目标是一人一张床。建筑标准是人均4平米，砖混结构，低层住宅，餐寝不分离。</p>
<h3 id="福利分房改革探索期"><a href="#福利分房改革探索期" class="headerlink" title="福利分房改革探索期"></a>福利分房改革探索期</h3><p>1978-1998，改革开发，国家目标是一人一套房。</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-84.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-85.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p>问题：分配不公，户型可选择性少，单位依赖性强，政府负担过重。</p>
<h3 id="住宅商品化全面发展期"><a href="#住宅商品化全面发展期" class="headerlink" title="住宅商品化全面发展期"></a>住宅商品化全面发展期</h3><p>1998-至今，目标是一人一间房。人们对住宅的要求从有房住变成了住好房，对住宅品质提出了要求。</p>
<p>1998年，为了改善百姓居住条件，解决住房供需矛盾，将房地产作为支柱产业带动国民经济的发展。国家宣布中止福利分房政策，以货币化私有化为核心，促进全民住房消费，大力发展住房市场（国发[1998]23号）。</p>
<p>这个时候的户型实现了餐居寝分离，厨房面积增加，卫生间设置三件套，干湿分离。</p>
<p>2003年后，户型特点是舒适和个性化。餐居寝学分离，有独立玄关，主卧室功能细化，设衣帽间主卧卫生间公共卫生间，附有服务阳台，储藏间，交通流线清晰，面宽加大日照好，通风好。</p>
<p>2004年3月，政府发布土地招拍挂政策。土地招拍挂后，土地价格大幅上涨，大户型成为流行。随之，国家推出标准要求多建小户型。同时国家为抑制房价上涨迅猛趋势，推出保障房政策，保障房面积大概在50-60平米。</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-86.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<h2 id="小结-1"><a href="#小结-1" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</h2><p>楼栋和户型的发展并不完全依照住户的真正需求而发展，这其中还包含其他因素，包括城市化率的提高，人口的增长。</p>
<h1 id="住宅精细化设计与装修要点"><a href="#住宅精细化设计与装修要点" class="headerlink" title="住宅精细化设计与装修要点"></a>住宅精细化设计与装修要点</h1><h2 id="装修常见错误"><a href="#装修常见错误" class="headerlink" title="装修常见错误"></a>装修常见错误</h2><h3 id="墙面色彩使用不当"><a href="#墙面色彩使用不当" class="headerlink" title="墙面色彩使用不当"></a>墙面色彩使用不当</h3><ul>
<li>墙面为大面积深色，大大削弱了空间亮度，显得压抑。</li>
<li>小户型为了突出豪华感而将深色木制覆满立面，显得压抑沉重。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="装修缺乏整体控制"><a href="#装修缺乏整体控制" class="headerlink" title="装修缺乏整体控制"></a>装修缺乏整体控制</h3><ul>
<li>室内装修材料与家居用品图案过大且重复，显得空间杂乱。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="静态设计，忽略了使用时的动态情况"><a href="#静态设计，忽略了使用时的动态情况" class="headerlink" title="静态设计，忽略了使用时的动态情况"></a>静态设计，忽略了使用时的动态情况</h3><ul>
<li>厨房窗户与水龙头</li>
<li>阳台窗户与晾衣架</li>
<li>收纳柜与晾衣架</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="忽略人体尺度"><a href="#忽略人体尺度" class="headerlink" title="忽略人体尺度"></a>忽略人体尺度</h3><ul>
<li>上部柜采用上翻式柜门，闭合不便。</li>
<li>抽屉位置过高，不便于朝朝和取放物品。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="忽视物体尺度"><a href="#忽视物体尺度" class="headerlink" title="忽视物体尺度"></a>忽视物体尺度</h3><ul>
<li>衣柜分格尺寸不符合实际需求，且衣物拿取困难。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="未考虑实际使用状态"><a href="#未考虑实际使用状态" class="headerlink" title="未考虑实际使用状态"></a>未考虑实际使用状态</h3><ul>
<li>微波炉旁未设临时停放器皿的台面。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="指示不明，易造成混淆"><a href="#指示不明，易造成混淆" class="headerlink" title="指示不明，易造成混淆"></a>指示不明，易造成混淆</h3><ul>
<li>多个开关集中布置，不易分辨。</li>
<li>智能化要考虑老人接受度。操作过于复杂，老人不易掌握，且标识字号过小或色彩不够清晰，老人无法看清。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="带来后续清理不便"><a href="#带来后续清理不便" class="headerlink" title="带来后续清理不便"></a>带来后续清理不便</h3><ul>
<li>台上盆后方留缝过窄，难清洁。</li>
<li>台面侧缝未封堵，易积水和掉落小物。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="家具构件选用不当，存在安全隐患"><a href="#家具构件选用不当，存在安全隐患" class="headerlink" title="家具构件选用不当，存在安全隐患"></a>家具构件选用不当，存在安全隐患</h3><ul>
<li>把手需避免突出较多或边缘尖锐，容易造成磕碰和钩挂衣物。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="居住需求研究——以门厅为例"><a href="#居住需求研究——以门厅为例" class="headerlink" title="居住需求研究——以门厅为例"></a>居住需求研究——以门厅为例</h2><p>想一想进门都会做哪些事情。</p>
<h3 id="1放下手中物品"><a href="#1放下手中物品" class="headerlink" title="1放下手中物品"></a>1放下手中物品</h3><p>开门后，有适合的空间设置台面。用来放置提包，帽子，钥匙等随身物品，若空间条件不允许也可以设置架子或挂钩。</p>
<h3 id="2脱下外套"><a href="#2脱下外套" class="headerlink" title="2脱下外套"></a>2脱下外套</h3><p>设置进门后放挂外套的空间，南方可能不需要。</p>
<h3 id="3脱鞋"><a href="#3脱鞋" class="headerlink" title="3脱鞋"></a>3脱鞋</h3><p>为了家中老人，儿童，客人，要提供方便换鞋和擦鞋的座凳。</p>
<h3 id="4照明需求"><a href="#4照明需求" class="headerlink" title="4照明需求"></a>4照明需求</h3><p>要考虑到门厅的整体照明和局部照明，并适当兼顾家具的摆放和设置，如鞋柜和穿衣镜。</p>
<h3 id="5整理衣服的需求"><a href="#5整理衣服的需求" class="headerlink" title="5整理衣服的需求"></a>5整理衣服的需求</h3><p>设置穿衣镜，方便出门前检查仪表，并能保证有适当的视距。</p>
<h3 id="6大物收纳需求"><a href="#6大物收纳需求" class="headerlink" title="6大物收纳需求"></a>6大物收纳需求</h3><p>收纳长靴，买菜车，老人推车，吸尘器，水桶（洗车用品）等。</p>
<h3 id="7小物收纳需求"><a href="#7小物收纳需求" class="headerlink" title="7小物收纳需求"></a>7小物收纳需求</h3><p>收纳外出用品或签收快递所用物品，例如皮鞋保养品，口罩等。</p>
<h3 id="8干湿分区"><a href="#8干湿分区" class="headerlink" title="8干湿分区"></a>8干湿分区</h3><p>考虑雨伞，雨衣等带水物品暂存空间。</p>
<h3 id="9安装设备需求"><a href="#9安装设备需求" class="headerlink" title="9安装设备需求"></a>9安装设备需求</h3><p>注意对讲机和电表位置安排。对讲机不宜布置在大面积墙面上以免影响门厅柜子的设置，电表箱的位置应尽可能不要放在人的视线容易看到的地方。</p>
<h3 id="10遮挡需求"><a href="#10遮挡需求" class="headerlink" title="10遮挡需求"></a>10遮挡需求</h3><p>保证私密性，放置一览无余。给亲朋好友留下很好的第一印象。</p>
<h3 id="11门厅设计的优化"><a href="#11门厅设计的优化" class="headerlink" title="11门厅设计的优化"></a>11门厅设计的优化</h3><p>门厅过窄时，可以将门设置的偏向一边，这样可以留出另一部分放鞋柜等等。</p>
<h2 id="住宅各功能空间设计要点"><a href="#住宅各功能空间设计要点" class="headerlink" title="住宅各功能空间设计要点"></a>住宅各功能空间设计要点</h2><h3 id="分类"><a href="#分类" class="headerlink" title="分类"></a>分类</h3><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>公共部分</th>
<th>私密部分</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>门厅</td>
<td>主卧室</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>起居室</td>
<td>主卧衣帽间</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>厨房</td>
<td>主卧卫生间</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>餐厅</td>
<td>次卧室</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>公共卫生间</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>阳台（生活阳台，服务阳台）</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="起居空间"><a href="#起居空间" class="headerlink" title="起居空间"></a>起居空间</h3><p>3+2+1沙发过大，浪费。起居空间宜选用轻便家具，方便灵活布置。（婴儿，健身）</p>
<p>起居空间最好设计成袋型，保证安定感。也可以临时转为卧室。</p>
<h3 id="餐厅"><a href="#餐厅" class="headerlink" title="餐厅"></a>餐厅</h3><p>餐厅在非就餐时间应当满足多功能使用。</p>
<p>餐厅和<strong>厨房</strong>相对布置，方面家人交流。</p>
<h3 id="主卧室"><a href="#主卧室" class="headerlink" title="主卧室"></a>主卧室</h3><p>最靠里，加大进深，可以加凳子，睡觉时能放衣服，能放婴儿床。</p>
<h3 id="次卧室"><a href="#次卧室" class="headerlink" title="次卧室"></a>次卧室</h3><p>应满足多种功能的转换。</p>
<ul>
<li>儿童房（设置大人座椅）</li>
<li>老人房</li>
<li>书房</li>
<li>储藏</li>
<li>闲置</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="阳台"><a href="#阳台" class="headerlink" title="阳台"></a>阳台</h3><h4 id="生活阳台（南）"><a href="#生活阳台（南）" class="headerlink" title="生活阳台（南）"></a>生活阳台（南）</h4><p>储藏衣服，晾衣服，洗衣服用。</p>
<h4 id="服务阳台（北）"><a href="#服务阳台（北）" class="headerlink" title="服务阳台（北）"></a>服务阳台（北）</h4><p>多数和厨房在一起。</p>
<p>功能：蔬果饮料。清洁工具。管线表具。</p>
<p>最好有墙面，能够订挂东西。</p>
<h2 id="住宅收纳设计要点"><a href="#住宅收纳设计要点" class="headerlink" title="住宅收纳设计要点"></a>住宅收纳设计要点</h2><h3 id="门厅"><a href="#门厅" class="headerlink" title="门厅"></a>门厅</h3><p>置物台，台子里有小抽屉。鞋柜要有格栅透气。</p>
<p>设置座凳，方便换鞋。</p>
<h3 id="主卧衣帽间"><a href="#主卧衣帽间" class="headerlink" title="主卧衣帽间"></a>主卧衣帽间</h3><p>进深有区别。挂的上衣进深要550mm，裤子只需要400mm。</p>
<p>短衣服可以设置上下两根杆。</p>
<p>上边用透明整理箱，箱子要小薄一些为好。</p>
<p>需要抽屉盒，能放小首饰等东西。</p>
<h1 id="厨房的设计与装修"><a href="#厨房的设计与装修" class="headerlink" title="厨房的设计与装修"></a>厨房的设计与装修</h1><h2 id="厨房常见的布局和样式"><a href="#厨房常见的布局和样式" class="headerlink" title="厨房常见的布局和样式"></a>厨房常见的布局和样式</h2><h3 id="厨房设备和平面元素"><a href="#厨房设备和平面元素" class="headerlink" title="厨房设备和平面元素"></a>厨房设备和平面元素</h3><ul>
<li>水池</li>
<li>炉灶</li>
<li>冰箱</li>
<li>小电器（微波炉，电水壶等）</li>
<li>烟道</li>
<li>地漏/下水管</li>
<li>管井</li>
<li>中央空调外机</li>
<li>地暖，分进水器</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="厨房平面布局要点"><a href="#厨房平面布局要点" class="headerlink" title="厨房平面布局要点"></a>厨房平面布局要点</h3><ul>
<li>操作流线要合理而短捷</li>
</ul>
<p>冰箱&gt;水池&gt;炉灶</p>
<ul>
<li>灶台水池和安台要连续</li>
</ul>
<p>洗菜&gt;切菜&gt;烧菜</p>
<ul>
<li>台面的长度要充足</li>
</ul>
<p>切菜，摆菜等等，考虑到菜多的时候的情况。</p>
<ul>
<li>水池炉灶左右要有足够的操作空间</li>
</ul>
<p>调料瓶子需要放下。右边间距不要小于150mm，左边间距建议在200mm-400mm左右。</p>
<ul>
<li>冰箱位尺寸要留够</li>
</ul>
<p>双开门600mm左右，对开门900mm左右，大型冰箱1000mm以上。</p>
<ul>
<li>小电器/智能电器位置</li>
</ul>
<p>350mm-450mm位置即可。</p>
<h3 id="厨房常见的形式，尺寸和面积"><a href="#厨房常见的形式，尺寸和面积" class="headerlink" title="厨房常见的形式，尺寸和面积"></a>厨房常见的形式，尺寸和面积</h3><h4 id="形式"><a href="#形式" class="headerlink" title="形式"></a>形式</h4><ul>
<li>单列型</li>
</ul>
<p>轴线1650mm-1900mm左右，1800mm正常。</p>
<ul>
<li>双列型</li>
</ul>
<p>轴线2150mm-2600mm，2400mm正常。</p>
<ul>
<li>L型</li>
</ul>
<p>轴线1650mm-2300mm左右，2100mm正常。</p>
<ul>
<li>U型</li>
</ul>
<p>轴线2150mm-2800mm左右，2500mm正常。</p>
<ul>
<li>特殊</li>
</ul>
<p>开放式或半开放式。如果做饭的次数较少可采用。</p>
<p>轴线中，国家规定过道最小0.9米宽。</p>
<h4 id="常见面积大小"><a href="#常见面积大小" class="headerlink" title="常见面积大小"></a>常见面积大小</h4><ul>
<li><p>小户型4-5平米</p>
</li>
<li><p>普通型5-8平米</p>
</li>
<li><p>餐厨型8-15平米</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>国家规定面积最小4平米。</p>
<h2 id="厨房设计中存在的问题"><a href="#厨房设计中存在的问题" class="headerlink" title="厨房设计中存在的问题"></a>厨房设计中存在的问题</h2><p>炉灶水池位置关系。对位时离的远不好。相近对位时注意错位，方便两边操作。</p>
<p>微波炉最好摆在桌面上，在视线稍朝下点。</p>
<p>门窗设计不当。</p>
<p>插座与水池之间离得太近。</p>
<p>插座在炉灶上方。</p>
<p>橱柜过高。</p>
<p>水池过小不好洗锅。</p>
<p>垃圾桶放在柜橱里并没有用。</p>
<p>湿物品的储藏。</p>
<p>祸具储藏。</p>
<h2 id="厨房的精细化设计方法"><a href="#厨房的精细化设计方法" class="headerlink" title="厨房的精细化设计方法"></a>厨房的精细化设计方法</h2><ul>
<li>上部区域1800mm+</li>
<li>中部区域600-1800mm</li>
<li>下部区域600mm-</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="上部区域"><a href="#上部区域" class="headerlink" title="上部区域"></a>上部区域</h3><p>存放干货食材，塑料袋等</p>
<p>上部柜门要小，下部柜门可以大一些。</p>
<p>柜门最好透明化。</p>
<p>高度1600mm进深400mm更合适。</p>
<h3 id="中部区域"><a href="#中部区域" class="headerlink" title="中部区域"></a>中部区域</h3><p>锅碗瓢盆等最常用的东西。</p>
<p>中部柜可以设置低一点。</p>
<h3 id="下部区域"><a href="#下部区域" class="headerlink" title="下部区域"></a>下部区域</h3><p>大和重的东西。</p>
<p>地柜空间宝贵，可以做抽屉。</p>
<p>排水口可以侧着放。</p>
<h3 id="多功能五金件"><a href="#多功能五金件" class="headerlink" title="多功能五金件"></a>多功能五金件</h3><p>挂件可以多多考虑。</p>
<h2 id="国外先进的厨房设计理念"><a href="#国外先进的厨房设计理念" class="headerlink" title="国外先进的厨房设计理念"></a>国外先进的厨房设计理念</h2><ul>
<li>私人定制（台面高度可调）</li>
<li>井井有条（注意分类）</li>
<li>与时俱进，引入小科技</li>
<li>家庭互动，开放式厨房</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="卫生间的设计与装修"><a href="#卫生间的设计与装修" class="headerlink" title="卫生间的设计与装修"></a>卫生间的设计与装修</h1><h2 id="卫生间常见的功能与样式"><a href="#卫生间常见的功能与样式" class="headerlink" title="卫生间常见的功能与样式"></a>卫生间常见的功能与样式</h2><h3 id="功能"><a href="#功能" class="headerlink" title="功能"></a>功能</h3><ul>
<li>洗漱</li>
<li>洗浴</li>
<li>如厕</li>
<li>洗衣</li>
<li>清洁和储藏</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="分区"><a href="#分区" class="headerlink" title="分区"></a>分区</h3><ul>
<li>洗手池</li>
<li>座便器</li>
<li>淋浴喷头</li>
<li>浴缸</li>
<li>洗衣机</li>
<li>管井地漏</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="布置形式"><a href="#布置形式" class="headerlink" title="布置形式"></a>布置形式</h3><ul>
<li>两件套（水池和座便器）1-2平米</li>
<li>三件套（水池，座便器和淋浴）2.5-4平米</li>
<li>四件套（水池，座便器，淋浴+洗衣机或浴缸）4-5平米</li>
</ul>
<p>国家规定三件套最小2.5平米</p>
<h2 id="卫生间设计中存在的问题"><a href="#卫生间设计中存在的问题" class="headerlink" title="卫生间设计中存在的问题"></a>卫生间设计中存在的问题</h2><p>单盆下面没柜子</p>
<p>没有洗漱用品空间</p>
<p>照明设计有问题（需要镜前灯高度2000mm白炽灯或节能灯）</p>
<p>插座不足</p>
<p>干湿不分离容易滑倒</p>
<h2 id="卫生间的精细化设计方法"><a href="#卫生间的精细化设计方法" class="headerlink" title="卫生间的精细化设计方法"></a>卫生间的精细化设计方法</h2><h3 id="洗手池"><a href="#洗手池" class="headerlink" title="洗手池"></a>洗手池</h3><p>靠近入口位置或外边。</p>
<p>台面要大。</p>
<h3 id="座便器"><a href="#座便器" class="headerlink" title="座便器"></a>座便器</h3><p>不宜正对门，隐私问题。放在墙后边。</p>
<p>纸巾盒在侧边合适。</p>
<h3 id="淋浴房"><a href="#淋浴房" class="headerlink" title="淋浴房"></a>淋浴房</h3><p>老人或儿童洗澡需要多一个人位置。</p>
<p>最好用浴帘，帮助洗澡。</p>
<p>淋浴喷头与内开窗户问题。</p>
<h3 id="灯具开关"><a href="#灯具开关" class="headerlink" title="灯具开关"></a>灯具开关</h3><p>两灯原则。主灯+镜前灯。</p>
<p>开关就近原则，注意水保护。</p>
<h3 id="卫生间门"><a href="#卫生间门" class="headerlink" title="卫生间门"></a>卫生间门</h3><p>局部透光，方便人了解内部灯光情况。</p>
<p>最好外开或者内外都可以开。</p>
<h2 id="国外先进的卫生间设计理念"><a href="#国外先进的卫生间设计理念" class="headerlink" title="国外先进的卫生间设计理念"></a>国外先进的卫生间设计理念</h2><ul>
<li>充分利用空间</li>
<li>考虑使用时的便捷</li>
<li>精神层面的需求</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="住宅楼栋设计"><a href="#住宅楼栋设计" class="headerlink" title="住宅楼栋设计"></a>住宅楼栋设计</h1><h2 id="常见的住宅产品类型及其对应的容积率指标"><a href="#常见的住宅产品类型及其对应的容积率指标" class="headerlink" title="常见的住宅产品类型及其对应的容积率指标"></a>常见的住宅产品类型及其对应的容积率指标</h2><h3 id="容积率"><a href="#容积率" class="headerlink" title="容积率"></a>容积率</h3><p>容积率=地上总建筑面积/用地面积</p>
<h3 id="低密度住宅"><a href="#低密度住宅" class="headerlink" title="低密度住宅"></a>低密度住宅</h3><p>独栋别墅，双拼别墅，联排别墅，平层别墅，叠拼别墅，花园洋房。</p>
<p>容积率在0.2-1.3</p>
<h3 id="中高密度住宅"><a href="#中高密度住宅" class="headerlink" title="中高密度住宅"></a>中高密度住宅</h3><p>多层住宅，小高层住宅，高层住宅盒超高层住宅。</p>
<p>容积率在1.4-3.0</p>
<h3 id="混合住宅"><a href="#混合住宅" class="headerlink" title="混合住宅"></a>混合住宅</h3><p>一个小区里会有多种住宅存在，容积率是混合的。</p>
<h2 id="常见的住宅楼栋形式及其特点"><a href="#常见的住宅楼栋形式及其特点" class="headerlink" title="常见的住宅楼栋形式及其特点"></a>常见的住宅楼栋形式及其特点</h2><p>主要有塔式和版式</p>
<h3 id="版式"><a href="#版式" class="headerlink" title="版式"></a>版式</h3><p>多单元扁长，主要朝向长度大于次要朝向长度两倍以上的住宅楼栋。</p>
<p>优点：通风采光好。中部入户通达性好。各户均好性强。</p>
<p>缺点：容积率低。一梯三户容易产生通风不好的情况。规划形式呆板。</p>
<p>理想形式：短板，不超过三个单元，不需绕行。</p>
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<p><img src="/images/pasted-88.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<h2 id="住宅楼栋公共交通空间的设计"><a href="#住宅楼栋公共交通空间的设计" class="headerlink" title="住宅楼栋公共交通空间的设计"></a>住宅楼栋公共交通空间的设计</h2><h3 id="国家规定"><a href="#国家规定" class="headerlink" title="国家规定"></a>国家规定</h3><ul>
<li>6层以下可以不设电梯。</li>
<li>7-11层一部电梯</li>
<li>12-18层两部电梯，一部可容纳担架。一个防烟楼梯。</li>
<li>19-33层两部电梯，一部可容纳担架。两个防烟楼梯。</li>
<li>100M以上，要符合超高层建筑设计规范。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意事项"></a>注意事项</h3><ul>
<li>节约公摊面积</li>
<li>留足管井空间</li>
<li>满足消防需求</li>
<li>考虑担架电梯</li>
<li>保证自然通风</li>
<li>实现自然采光</li>
<li>减少相互对视</li>
<li>避免电梯干扰</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="入户流线"><a href="#入户流线" class="headerlink" title="入户流线"></a>入户流线</h3><p>可以采用入户电梯，单户独享空间。</p>
<p>最好是中部入户。</p>
<h2 id="住宅楼栋设计的方法"><a href="#住宅楼栋设计的方法" class="headerlink" title="住宅楼栋设计的方法"></a>住宅楼栋设计的方法</h2><p>结构，楼梯间，管井，轮廓，凹缝（通风），日照，阴影处理（避免影响后方户型）。</p>
<p>内户（左侧连接别的单元）&gt;中户（中侧面积中等）&gt;端户（右侧面积大）。</p>
<p>面宽和视线要处理的合适大小。</p>
<h1 id="住区室外环境设计"><a href="#住区室外环境设计" class="headerlink" title="住区室外环境设计"></a>住区室外环境设计</h1><h2 id="住宅楼前场地设计要点"><a href="#住宅楼前场地设计要点" class="headerlink" title="住宅楼前场地设计要点"></a>住宅楼前场地设计要点</h2><p>单元楼门前的场地。</p>
<ul>
<li>考虑非机动车停放需求</li>
<li>考虑机动车的可达性</li>
<li>考虑无障碍通行要求</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="住区室外活动场地的设计要点"><a href="#住区室外活动场地的设计要点" class="headerlink" title="住区室外活动场地的设计要点"></a>住区室外活动场地的设计要点</h2><ul>
<li>综合考虑活动场地选址</li>
</ul>
<p>要有阳光。</p>
<ul>
<li>满足无障碍通行需求</li>
<li>重视园林景观设计的实用性</li>
</ul>
<p>喷泉，曲觞流水不一定合适，太占面积。</p>
<ul>
<li>针对各类使用者设置合适的活动场地</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="住区大门及其周边区域的设计要点"><a href="#住区大门及其周边区域的设计要点" class="headerlink" title="住区大门及其周边区域的设计要点"></a>住区大门及其周边区域的设计要点</h2><ul>
<li>人车分流</li>
</ul>
<p>人行门道的外开内开。</p>
<ul>
<li>人车出入的管理</li>
</ul>
<p>管理者视野开阔，空调等。</p>
<ul>
<li>特殊节日氛围的营造</li>
</ul>
<p>便于挂标语灯笼等。</p>
<ul>
<li>灯光与标识系统</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="住区室外环境的其他注意事项"><a href="#住区室外环境的其他注意事项" class="headerlink" title="住区室外环境的其他注意事项"></a>住区室外环境的其他注意事项</h2><ul>
<li>设置衣物晾晒场地</li>
<li>垃圾存放空间</li>
<li>标识系统清晰醒目</li>
<li>无障碍设计系统连续</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="户型诊断的优化设计"><a href="#户型诊断的优化设计" class="headerlink" title="户型诊断的优化设计"></a>户型诊断的优化设计</h1><h2 id="户型优化创新思路"><a href="#户型优化创新思路" class="headerlink" title="户型优化创新思路"></a>户型优化创新思路</h2><ul>
<li>全生命周期灵活考虑</li>
<li>方便老人儿童使用，</li>
<li>分地段设置不同的楼宇样式</li>
<li>根据地区气候优化</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="户型优化示范"><a href="#户型优化示范" class="headerlink" title="户型优化示范"></a>户型优化示范</h2><ul>
<li>凹缝处尽量短</li>
<li>公共交通空间节约</li>
<li>注意通风采光</li>
<li>外中内部户的面积要有区分</li>
<li>老人房/儿童房/书房</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="设施设备优化布置"><a href="#设施设备优化布置" class="headerlink" title="设施设备优化布置"></a>设施设备优化布置</h2><h3 id="门窗设计"><a href="#门窗设计" class="headerlink" title="门窗设计"></a>门窗设计</h3><p>门位置避免开启时与燃气热水器碰撞。</p>
<p>窗位置注意墙垛，加柜用。</p>
<p>淋浴间采用小窗或舷窗。</p>
<p>开启扇与窗帘和灯具的关系</p>
<p>窗内开或内倒，方便置物。</p>
<p>门避免开启打人。</p>
<h3 id="设备管井布置"><a href="#设备管井布置" class="headerlink" title="设备管井布置"></a>设备管井布置</h3><p>炉灶和水池不要太近。</p>
<p>炉灶不要在窗下。</p>
<p>管道在内测，风道在外侧。管道风道最好在两侧，避免打断台面。</p>
<h3 id="插座布置"><a href="#插座布置" class="headerlink" title="插座布置"></a>插座布置</h3><ul>
<li>注意预留临时使用插座</li>
<li>插座位置应当适用家具多种摆放方式（门两侧都要有插座）。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="照明灯具布置"><a href="#照明灯具布置" class="headerlink" title="照明灯具布置"></a>照明灯具布置</h3><ul>
<li>注意实用安全。</li>
<li>少设置装饰射灯，刺眼还具有安全隐患</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="选房秘籍"><a href="#选房秘籍" class="headerlink" title="选房秘籍"></a>选房秘籍</h2><h3 id="道路停车"><a href="#道路停车" class="headerlink" title="道路停车"></a>道路停车</h3><p>出入口与外部交通口不要选。</p>
<p>内部道路不要直对单元楼。</p>
<p>不要离地下车库的出入口太近。</p>
<h3 id="景观场地"><a href="#景观场地" class="headerlink" title="景观场地"></a>景观场地</h3><p>远离活动场地（噪音）。</p>
<p>水景容易发臭。</p>
<h3 id="配套设施"><a href="#配套设施" class="headerlink" title="配套设施"></a>配套设施</h3><p>准备要孩子的，考虑幼儿园小学。</p>
<p>老人，考虑药房医院。</p>
<p>幼儿园带来的噪音影响。</p>
<h3 id="通风日照"><a href="#通风日照" class="headerlink" title="通风日照"></a>通风日照</h3><p>前侧楼栋对日照景观有影响。</p>
<p>东西向户型需注意，最好选南向。</p>
<p>正对两楼有间隙风声噪声。</p>
<p>两栋楼间防止对视。</p>
<h3 id="所在楼层"><a href="#所在楼层" class="headerlink" title="所在楼层"></a>所在楼层</h3><p>4层不好，西方13层，佛教18层，七上八下78层。</p>
<p>以上都是假的。</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-89.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<h3 id="户型格局"><a href="#户型格局" class="headerlink" title="户型格局"></a>户型格局</h3><p>家庭结构的变化。</p>
<p>卧室不宜集中布局。</p>
<p>户内承重墙要少。</p>
<h1 id="国外住宅设计经验与我国住宅设计展望"><a href="#国外住宅设计经验与我国住宅设计展望" class="headerlink" title="国外住宅设计经验与我国住宅设计展望"></a>国外住宅设计经验与我国住宅设计展望</h1><h2 id="日本住宅特点"><a href="#日本住宅特点" class="headerlink" title="日本住宅特点"></a>日本住宅特点</h2><p>分为独栋和集合住宅。</p>
<p>地价房价分离。</p>
<p>独栋住宅远离城市，开盘前购房者需要自己指定设计空间。</p>
<p>塔式住宅多在中心区域。提供贴心服务和高档配套设施。</p>
<p>版式住宅多在市郊。</p>
<p>总体特点市面积小，厨卫在中间，收纳设计，可变性强。</p>
<h2 id="美国住宅特点"><a href="#美国住宅特点" class="headerlink" title="美国住宅特点"></a>美国住宅特点</h2><p>形态分为低层独栋住宅60%-70%，联排住宅，中高层公寓。</p>
<p>主卧分两侧。厨房成为家庭中心。分有早餐位置和正餐位置。</p>
<h2 id="我国住宅设计发展趋势"><a href="#我国住宅设计发展趋势" class="headerlink" title="我国住宅设计发展趋势"></a>我国住宅设计发展趋势</h2><p>互联网对住宅设计的改变。</p>
<p>共享单车，网购。</p>
<p>人口结构变化带来的改变。</p>
<p>无障碍化。</p>
<p>智能住宅带来的改变。</p>
<p>加装住宅能源控制系统。</p>
<h1 id="相关链接"><a href="#相关链接" class="headerlink" title="相关链接"></a>相关链接</h1><p><a href="https://www.xuetangx.com/courses/course-v1:TsinghuaX+80000271X+sp/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener">住宅精细化设计（自主模式）</a></p>
<p><a href="https://item.jd.com/10061024.html?dist=jd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">《住宅精细化设计》（周燕珉著）</a></p>

      
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              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#导论"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">导论</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#绪论"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">绪论</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#我国住宅发展历程和户型演变"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">我国住宅发展历程和户型演变</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅发展历程概述"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅发展历程概述</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#建国以来的建筑变化"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">建国以来的建筑变化</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#小结"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">小结</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅发展不同时期"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅发展不同时期</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#住房急缺时期"><span class="nav-number">2.4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">住房急缺时期</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#福利分房改革探索期"><span class="nav-number">2.4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">福利分房改革探索期</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅商品化全面发展期"><span class="nav-number">2.4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅商品化全面发展期</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#小结-1"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">小结</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅精细化设计与装修要点"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅精细化设计与装修要点</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#装修常见错误"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">装修常见错误</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#墙面色彩使用不当"><span class="nav-number">3.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">墙面色彩使用不当</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#装修缺乏整体控制"><span class="nav-number">3.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">装修缺乏整体控制</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#静态设计，忽略了使用时的动态情况"><span class="nav-number">3.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">静态设计，忽略了使用时的动态情况</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#忽略人体尺度"><span class="nav-number">3.1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">忽略人体尺度</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#忽视物体尺度"><span class="nav-number">3.1.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">忽视物体尺度</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#未考虑实际使用状态"><span class="nav-number">3.1.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">未考虑实际使用状态</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#指示不明，易造成混淆"><span class="nav-number">3.1.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">指示不明，易造成混淆</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#带来后续清理不便"><span class="nav-number">3.1.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">带来后续清理不便</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#家具构件选用不当，存在安全隐患"><span class="nav-number">3.1.9.</span> <span class="nav-text">家具构件选用不当，存在安全隐患</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#居住需求研究——以门厅为例"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">居住需求研究——以门厅为例</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#1放下手中物品"><span class="nav-number">3.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">1放下手中物品</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#2脱下外套"><span class="nav-number">3.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">2脱下外套</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#3脱鞋"><span class="nav-number">3.2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">3脱鞋</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#4照明需求"><span class="nav-number">3.2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">4照明需求</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#5整理衣服的需求"><span class="nav-number">3.2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">5整理衣服的需求</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#6大物收纳需求"><span class="nav-number">3.2.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">6大物收纳需求</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#7小物收纳需求"><span class="nav-number">3.2.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">7小物收纳需求</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#8干湿分区"><span class="nav-number">3.2.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">8干湿分区</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#9安装设备需求"><span class="nav-number">3.2.9.</span> <span class="nav-text">9安装设备需求</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#10遮挡需求"><span class="nav-number">3.2.10.</span> <span class="nav-text">10遮挡需求</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#11门厅设计的优化"><span class="nav-number">3.2.11.</span> <span class="nav-text">11门厅设计的优化</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅各功能空间设计要点"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅各功能空间设计要点</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#分类"><span class="nav-number">3.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">分类</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#起居空间"><span class="nav-number">3.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">起居空间</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#餐厅"><span class="nav-number">3.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">餐厅</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#主卧室"><span class="nav-number">3.3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">主卧室</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#次卧室"><span class="nav-number">3.3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">次卧室</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#阳台"><span class="nav-number">3.3.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">阳台</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#生活阳台（南）"><span class="nav-number">3.3.6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">生活阳台（南）</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#服务阳台（北）"><span class="nav-number">3.3.6.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">服务阳台（北）</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅收纳设计要点"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅收纳设计要点</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#门厅"><span class="nav-number">3.4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">门厅</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#主卧衣帽间"><span class="nav-number">3.4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">主卧衣帽间</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#厨房的设计与装修"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">厨房的设计与装修</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#厨房常见的布局和样式"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">厨房常见的布局和样式</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#厨房设备和平面元素"><span class="nav-number">4.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">厨房设备和平面元素</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#厨房平面布局要点"><span class="nav-number">4.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">厨房平面布局要点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#厨房常见的形式，尺寸和面积"><span class="nav-number">4.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">厨房常见的形式，尺寸和面积</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#形式"><span class="nav-number">4.1.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">形式</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#常见面积大小"><span class="nav-number">4.1.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">常见面积大小</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#厨房设计中存在的问题"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">厨房设计中存在的问题</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#厨房的精细化设计方法"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">厨房的精细化设计方法</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#上部区域"><span class="nav-number">4.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">上部区域</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#中部区域"><span class="nav-number">4.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">中部区域</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#下部区域"><span class="nav-number">4.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">下部区域</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#多功能五金件"><span class="nav-number">4.3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">多功能五金件</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#国外先进的厨房设计理念"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">国外先进的厨房设计理念</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#卫生间的设计与装修"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">卫生间的设计与装修</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#卫生间常见的功能与样式"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">卫生间常见的功能与样式</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#功能"><span class="nav-number">5.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">功能</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#分区"><span class="nav-number">5.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">分区</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#布置形式"><span class="nav-number">5.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">布置形式</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#卫生间设计中存在的问题"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">卫生间设计中存在的问题</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#卫生间的精细化设计方法"><span class="nav-number">5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">卫生间的精细化设计方法</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#洗手池"><span class="nav-number">5.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">洗手池</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#座便器"><span class="nav-number">5.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">座便器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#淋浴房"><span class="nav-number">5.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">淋浴房</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#灯具开关"><span class="nav-number">5.3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">灯具开关</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#卫生间门"><span class="nav-number">5.3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">卫生间门</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#国外先进的卫生间设计理念"><span class="nav-number">5.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">国外先进的卫生间设计理念</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅楼栋设计"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅楼栋设计</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#常见的住宅产品类型及其对应的容积率指标"><span class="nav-number">6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">常见的住宅产品类型及其对应的容积率指标</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#容积率"><span class="nav-number">6.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">容积率</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#低密度住宅"><span class="nav-number">6.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">低密度住宅</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#中高密度住宅"><span class="nav-number">6.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">中高密度住宅</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#混合住宅"><span class="nav-number">6.1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">混合住宅</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#常见的住宅楼栋形式及其特点"><span class="nav-number">6.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">常见的住宅楼栋形式及其特点</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#版式"><span class="nav-number">6.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">版式</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅楼栋公共交通空间的设计"><span class="nav-number">6.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅楼栋公共交通空间的设计</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#国家规定"><span class="nav-number">6.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">国家规定</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#注意事项"><span class="nav-number">6.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">注意事项</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#入户流线"><span class="nav-number">6.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">入户流线</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅楼栋设计的方法"><span class="nav-number">6.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅楼栋设计的方法</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#住区室外环境设计"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">住区室外环境设计</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住宅楼前场地设计要点"><span class="nav-number">7.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">住宅楼前场地设计要点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住区室外活动场地的设计要点"><span class="nav-number">7.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">住区室外活动场地的设计要点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住区大门及其周边区域的设计要点"><span class="nav-number">7.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">住区大门及其周边区域的设计要点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#住区室外环境的其他注意事项"><span class="nav-number">7.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">住区室外环境的其他注意事项</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#户型诊断的优化设计"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">户型诊断的优化设计</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#户型优化创新思路"><span class="nav-number">8.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">户型优化创新思路</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#户型优化示范"><span class="nav-number">8.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">户型优化示范</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#设施设备优化布置"><span class="nav-number">8.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">设施设备优化布置</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#门窗设计"><span class="nav-number">8.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">门窗设计</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#设备管井布置"><span class="nav-number">8.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">设备管井布置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#插座布置"><span class="nav-number">8.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">插座布置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#照明灯具布置"><span class="nav-number">8.3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">照明灯具布置</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#选房秘籍"><span class="nav-number">8.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">选房秘籍</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#道路停车"><span class="nav-number">8.4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">道路停车</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#景观场地"><span class="nav-number">8.4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">景观场地</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#配套设施"><span class="nav-number">8.4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">配套设施</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#通风日照"><span class="nav-number">8.4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">通风日照</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#所在楼层"><span class="nav-number">8.4.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">所在楼层</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#户型格局"><span class="nav-number">8.4.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">户型格局</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#国外住宅设计经验与我国住宅设计展望"><span class="nav-number">9.</span> <span class="nav-text">国外住宅设计经验与我国住宅设计展望</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#日本住宅特点"><span class="nav-number">9.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">日本住宅特点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#美国住宅特点"><span class="nav-number">9.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">美国住宅特点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#我国住宅设计发展趋势"><span class="nav-number">9.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">我国住宅设计发展趋势</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#相关链接"><span class="nav-number">10.</span> <span class="nav-text">相关链接</span></a></li></ol></div>
            

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    var isXml = true;
    // Search DB path;
    var search_path = "search.xml";
    if (search_path.length === 0) {
      search_path = "search.xml";
    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
      isXml = false;
    }
    var path = "/" + search_path;
    // monitor main search box;

    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
      $('.popup').hide();
      $('#local-search-input').val('');
      $('.search-result-list').remove();
      $('#no-result').remove();
      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
      $('body').css('overflow', '');
    }

    function proceedsearch() {
      $("body")
        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
      $('.popup').toggle();
      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
      $localSearchInput.focus();
    }

    // search function;
    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
      'use strict';

      // start loading animation
      $("body")
        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
          '</div>' +
          '</div>')
        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');

      $.ajax({
        url: path,
        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
        async: true,
        success: function(res) {
          // get the contents from search data
          isfetched = true;
          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
            return {
              title: $("title", this).text(),
              content: $("content",this).text(),
              url: $("url" , this).text()
            };
          }).get() : res;
          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
          var inputEventFunction = function() {
            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
            if (keywords.length > 1) {
              keywords.push(searchText);
            }
            var resultItems = [];
            if (searchText.length > 0) {
              // perform local searching
              datas.forEach(function(data) {
                var isMatch = false;
                var hitCount = 0;
                var searchTextCount = 0;
                var title = data.title.trim();
                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
                var indexOfTitle = [];
                var indexOfContent = [];
                // only match articles with not empty titles
                if(title != '') {
                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
                      var wordLen = word.length;
                      if (wordLen === 0) {
                        return [];
                      }
                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
                      if (!caseSensitive) {
                        text = text.toLowerCase();
                        word = word.toLowerCase();
                      }
                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
                      }
                      return index;
                    }

                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
                  });
                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
                    isMatch = true;
                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
                  }
                }

                // show search results

                if (isMatch) {
                  // sort index by position of keyword

                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
                      } else {
                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
                      }
                    });
                  });

                  // merge hits into slices

                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
                    var position = item.position;
                    var word = item.word;
                    var hits = [];
                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
                      if (word === searchText) {
                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
                      }
                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;

                      // move to next position of hit

                      index.pop();
                      while (index.length != 0) {
                        item = index[index.length - 1];
                        position = item.position;
                        word = item.word;
                        if (wordEnd > position) {
                          index.pop();
                        } else {
                          break;
                        }
                      }
                    }
                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
                    return {
                      hits: hits,
                      start: start,
                      end: end,
                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
                    };
                  }

                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
                  }

                  var slicesOfContent = [];
                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
                    var position = item.position;
                    var word = item.word;
                    // cut out 100 characters
                    var start = position - 20;
                    var end = position + 80;
                    if(start < 0){
                      start = 0;
                    }
                    if (end < position + word.length) {
                      end = position + word.length;
                    }
                    if(end > content.length){
                      end = content.length;
                    }
                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
                  }

                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count

                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
                    } else {
                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
                    }
                  });

                  // select top N slices in content

                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
                  }

                  // highlight title and content

                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
                    var result = '';
                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
                      prevEnd = end;
                    });
                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
                    return result;
                  }

                  var resultItem = '';

                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
                  } else {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
                  }

                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
                  });

                  resultItem += "</li>";
                  resultItems.push({
                    item: resultItem,
                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
                    hitCount: hitCount,
                    id: resultItems.length
                  });
                }
              })
            };
            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else {
              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
                } else {
                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
                }
              });
              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
                searchResultList += result.item;
              })
              searchResultList += "</ul>";
              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
            }
          }

          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
          } else {
            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
                inputEventFunction();
              }
            });
          }

          // remove loading animation
          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
          $('body').css('overflow', '');

          proceedsearch();
        }
      });
    }

    // handle and trigger popup window;
    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
      e.stopPropagation();
      if (isfetched === false) {
        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
      } else {
        proceedsearch();
      };
    });

    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
    $('.popup').click(function(e){
      e.stopPropagation();
    });
    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
        onPopupClose();
      }
    });
  </script>





  

  
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  <script>AV.initialize("EhAMmIXTRGtethTcgYwA9afH-gzGzoHsz", "jzP1TaBhMleAUgPLXyB0h8oQ");</script>
  <script>
    function showTime(Counter) {
      var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
      var entries = [];
      var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");

      $visitors.each(function () {
        entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
      });

      query.containedIn('url', entries);
      query.find()
        .done(function (results) {
          var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';

          if (results.length === 0) {
            $visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
            return;
          }

          for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
            var item = results[i];
            var url = item.get('url');
            var time = item.get('time');
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            $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
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              countSpan.text(0);
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        })
        .fail(function (object, error) {
          console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
        });
    }

    function addCount(Counter) {
      var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
      var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
      var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
      var query = new AV.Query(Counter);

      query.equalTo("url", url);
      query.find({
        success: function(results) {
          if (results.length > 0) {
            var counter = results[0];
            counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
            counter.increment("time");
            counter.save(null, {
              success: function(counter) {
                var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
                $element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
              },
              error: function(counter, error) {
                console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
              }
            });
          } else {
            var newcounter = new Counter();
            /* Set ACL */
            var acl = new AV.ACL();
            acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
            acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
            newcounter.setACL(acl);
            /* End Set ACL */
            newcounter.set("title", title);
            newcounter.set("url", url);
            newcounter.set("time", 1);
            newcounter.save(null, {
              success: function(newcounter) {
                var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
                $element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
              },
              error: function(newcounter, error) {
                console.log('Failed to create');
              }
            });
          }
        },
        error: function(error) {
          console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
        }
      });
    }

    $(function() {
      var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
      if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
        addCount(Counter);
      } else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
        showTime(Counter);
      }
    });
  </script>



  

  
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